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Symbols used in pre-19th-century chemical science

Alchemical symbols in Torbern Bergman'due south 1775 Dissertation on Constituent Affinities

Alchemical symbols, originally devised as function of alchemy, were used to denote some elements and some compounds until the 18th century. Although note like this was mostly standardized, manner and symbol varied betwixt alchemists, so this page mainly lists the nearly common ones.

Three primes [edit]

According to Paracelsus (1493–1541), the iii primes or tria prima – of which fabric substances are immediately composed – are:^[one]

Four basic elements [edit]

Western alchemy makes use of the four classical elements. The symbols used for these are:^[ii]

Seven planetary metals [edit]

The seven metals known since Classical times in Europe were associated with the vii classical planets; this figured heavily in alchemical symbolism. The verbal correlation varied over fourth dimension, and in early on centuries bronze or electrum were sometimes plant instead of mercury, or copper for Mars instead of iron, though gilt, silver and atomic number 82 had e'er been associated with the Sun, Moon and Saturn.^[three] The associations below are attested from the 7th century and had definitely stabilized by the 15th. They started breaking downward with the discovery of antimony, bismuth and zinc in the 16th century. Alchemists would typically call the metals by their planetary names, e.thou. "Saturn" for pb and "Mars" for iron; compounds of can, iron and silver continued to exist called "jovial", "martial" and "lunar"; or "of Jupiter", "of Mars" and "of the moon", through the 17th century. The tradition remains today with the name of the element mercury, where chemists decided the planetary name was preferable to mutual names like "quicksilver", and in a few archaic terms such as lunar caustic (silver nitrate) and saturnism (atomic number 82 poisoning).^[4] ^[5]

Mundane elements and after metals [edit]

The Squared Circle: an Alchemical Symbol (17th century) illustrating the interplay of the four elements of thing symbolising the philosopher'due south stone

Alchemical compounds [edit]

A table of alchemical symbols from Basil Valentine's The Last Will and Testament, 1670

The following symbols, amidst others, have been adopted into Unicode.

Alchemical processes [edit]

An extract and symbol key from Kenelm Digby's A Pick Collection of Rare Secrets, 1682

The alchemical magnum opus was sometimes expressed as a series of chemical operations. In cases where these numbered twelve, each could be assigned one of the Zodiac signs equally a form of cryptography. The following example can be constitute in Pernety'south Dictionnaire mytho-hermétique (1758):^[xi]

Calcination (Aries ) ♈︎
Congelation (Taurus ) ♉︎
Fixation (Gemini ) ♊︎
Solution (Cancer ) ♋︎
Digestion (Leo ) ♌︎
Distillation (Virgo ) ♍︎
Sublimation (Libra ) ♎︎
Separation (Scorpio ) ♏︎
Ceration (Sagittarius ) ♐︎
Fermentation (Capricorn ) ♑︎ (Putrefaction)
Multiplication (Aquarius ) ♒︎
Projection (Pisces ) ♓︎

Units [edit]

Several symbols indicate units of volume, weight, or fourth dimension.

Unicode [edit]

The Alchemical Symbols cake was added to Unicode in 2022 as part of Unicode vi.0.^[12]

Alchemical Symbols ^[one] ^[ii] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	ii	3	four	five	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+1F70x	🜀	🜁	🜂	🜃	🜄	🜅	🜆	🜇	🜈	🜉	🜊	🜋	🜌	🜍	🜎	🜏
U+1F71x	🜐	🜑	🜒	🜓	🜔	🜕	🜖	🜗	🜘	🜙	🜚	🜛	🜜	🜝	🜞	🜟
U+1F72x	🜠	🜡	🜢	🜣	🜤	🜥	🜦	🜧	🜨	🜩	🜪	🜫	🜬	🜭	🜮	🜯
U+1F73x	🜰	🜱	🜲	🜳	🜴	🜵	🜶	🜷	🜸	🜹	🜺	🜻	🜼	🜽	🜾	🜿
U+1F74x	🝀	🝁	🝂	🝃	🝄	🝅	🝆	🝇	🝈	🝉	🝊	🝋	🝌	🝍	🝎	🝏
U+1F75x	🝐	🝑	🝒	🝓	🝔	🝕	🝖	🝗	🝘	🝙	🝚	🝛	🝜	🝝	🝞	🝟
U+1F76x	🝠	🝡	🝢	🝣	🝤	🝥	🝦	🝧	🝨	🝩	🝪	🝫	🝬	🝭	🝮	🝯
U+1F77x	🝰	🝱	🝲	🝳
Notes i. ^ As of Unicode version 14.0 2. ^ Grayness areas indicate not-assigned code points

Other symbols commonly used in alchemy and related esoteric traditions [edit]

Astronomical symbols
- Astrological symbols
- Planet symbols
- Suns in alchemy
  - Circled dot
Monas Hieroglyphica
Rub el Hizb
Seal of Solomon
Rosy Cross
Eye of Providence
Sigils, as used by Hermetic theurgists
- Sigillum Dei

References [edit]

^ Holmyard 1957, p. 170; cf. Friedlander 1992, pp. 75–76. For the symbols, see Holmyard 1957, p. 149 and Bergman'due south table every bit shown in a higher place.
^ Holmyard 1957, p. 149.
^ For example, in Marcianus, Mercury was can and Jupiter electrum (Crosland 2004: 236).
^ Maurice Crosland (2004) Historical Studies in the Linguistic communication of Chemistry
^ Holmyard 1957, p. 149.
^ Holmyard 1957, p. 149
^ Holmyard 1957, p. 149
^ Holmyard 1957, p. 149
^ Holmyard 1957, p. 149
^ Koch, Rudolf (1955). The book of signs : which contains all way of symbols used from the earliest times to the Center Ages by primitive peoples and early Christians. New York. p. 73. ISBN0-486-20162-7.
^ See Holmyard 1957, p. 150.
^ "Unicode 6.0.0". Unicode Consortium. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.

Works cited [edit]

Friedlander, Walter J. (1992). The Golden Wand of Medicine: A History of the Caduceus Symbol in Medicine. Contributions in Medical Studies, 35. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN0-313-28023-ane.
Holmyard, Eric J. (1957). Alchemy. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. OCLC 2080637.